How Well Does Parliament Perform Its Various Functions? Essay

How well does Parliament perform its various functions? There are several important functions that Parliament must perform. The word Parliament derived from the Latin ‘parliamentum’ and the French word ‘parler’ which originally meant a talk- which is what Parliament does most of the time. Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarchy. Parliament is the highest judicial, legislative and executive body in Britain. A parliamentary form of government acknowledges that it derives its power directly from the consent of the people. This sort of system ensures democracy and an active interaction between the people and their representatives. The three functions that I am going to focus on are Scrutiny, Representation and Law Making. Scrutiny is carried out in four main ways- Prime Ministers Questions, Select Committees, The Back Benches and The House of Lords. Prime Ministers Questions is a weekly opportunity for backbenchers to scrutinise the Prime Minister. This happens every Wednesday and is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition as well as other MPs to highlight government failings or ask the Prime Minister a question. This is a good way to scrutinise the Prime Minister as it puts them under pressure to justify their actions and normally with potentially no pre-warning of what topics will have to be defended. The element of surprise allows opposition MP’s as well as backbenchers and sometimes members of the cabinet to catch the prime minister out with an awkward question. The relative performance of each of the main party leaders is closely watched and each is under great pressure to get the better of their opponent. The main weakness of this form of scrutiny is that it is often accused of being more like ‘Gardeners’ Question Time’ as many believe the questions are â€Å"planted† and therefore the Prime Minister and Opposition can prepare their answers beforehand. Select Committees in both the House of Commons and the Lords investigate the work of government departments and produce reports of policy proposals. They have the power to call witnesses in the course of their proceedings. Their role is multi-faceted and includes many tasks such as investigating the work of the government departments to determine whether they have acted efficiently and effectively. This is a strong form as scrutiny as it reports back to the public what is happening behind the scenes in the government but the Select Committees lack resources, expertise and power to create damage if the government weren’t doing their job properly. Select Committees have been described as a â€Å"mere irritant†. The government relies on backbenchers in providing services to their constituents and relaying the opinions of their constituents. Although backbenchers do not hold power, a concerted revolt could topple the ruling party through a â€Å"no confidence† vote. An example of a successful rebellion occurred during November 2006 over the Terrorism Act 2006 when a large number of backbenchers voted against the 90-day detention provision of the anti-terror legislation in order to stall the bill. This provided to be the single largest defeat for then Prime Minister Tony Blair since his government. Recently David Cameron faced a threat of a fresh backbench Tory revolt as traditionalists lined up to oppose government plans to legalise gay marriage but many debated that this in fact could not be counted as a rebellion as backbenchers would probably be given a free vote in any vote on legalising gay marriage. This therefore is a strong form of scrutiny as it has been proven extremely powerful and has even overthrown past governments for example Margaret Thatcher and James Callaghan. One of the main issues with scrutiny and backbenchers is that they are often under the control of the Whips (MPs or Lords appointed by each party in Parliament to help organise their party’s contribution to parliamentary business) and one of their main responsibilities is making sure the maximum number of their party members vote the way their party wants. Unless the backbenchers have enough people to rebel they will not succeed and therefore it is not often that a government is defeated, for example Blair’s government was only defeated in the Commons four times over their three terms in power. The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK Parliament and is independent to the Commons although it complements the work of the Commons. Members of the Lords play a vital role in scrutiny, there are two main reasons for this, the first being that they are independent to the Commons and in many ways have increased power which they often use to stand up to the Commons by blocking reforms. Lords also have a better balance of parties so no government has a majority. The Government however can override Lords by using Parliament Act; this was used when the fox hunting ban was being put through under Blair’s government as there were too many in opposition of the ban in the House of Lords. The Parliament Acts, although rarely used, provide a way of solving disagreement between the Commons and the Lords. The Parliament Act of 1949 also prevents Lords from delaying bills for more than one year. The second function that I’m concentrating on is Representation. In the Commons MPs are elected every five years to represent local constituencies. The link between the House of Commons and the local constituency is very important as it provides information to the government on how the public is responding to their policies and ideas for new laws, reforms and ideas. In recent years there has also been many attempts to make the government more diverse – for example more women and ethnic minorities. This was especially pushed by Tony Blair as it was obvious to him that the UK was far behind the US in being diverse, he started by pushing for there to be more women in government and these became known as â€Å"Blair’s babes†. The Lords are also a large part in representing the ‘national interest’ as they are less party political and many have had long careers in public service, business, arts and culture, or another area of activity. Therefore the members of the House of Lords contribute their expertise and knowledge to Parliament and its work and consequently able to take the bigger picture into account. However there are many downfalls in representation in the government. The most often referred to is how First Past the Post (FPTP) does not produce a very accurate representation in the House of Commons as it produces many ‘wasted votes’. In the Institute for Public Policy Research report, which looks at the ratio of votes to MPs under FPTP for the main parties in the 2010 general election, it was shown that it took 33,468 votes to elect a Labour MP, 35,028 votes to elect a Conservative MP and 119,780 votes to elect a Liberal Democrat MP. This therefore is an interesting piece of evidence showing the unfairness of the FPTP system as it strongly favours some parties over others. However there was a referendum in May 2011 which asked the public whether the Alternative Vote (AV) system should be used for general elections instead of FPTP and more than two thirds of those who voted said to keep the FPTP system- although many of those in opposition to FPTP says this in itself was unfair representation as the turnout was less than 65% of the population. The lack of women in MPs has also been blamed on the FPTP system; there are currently 504 male MPs and 145 female MPs nationwide. Therefore the House of Commons is unrepresentative of the UK as there are roughly 28. 6 million males in the UK and 30. 2 million females. The House of Lords is also seen as unrepresentative as it is unelected and even more out of ratio with the population of the UK as it has many old, socially elite members. Another one of Parliament’s main functions is Law Making is debating and passing statue law. The Government introduces most plans for new laws, with many included in the Queen’s Speech at the opening of each session of Parliament. However new laws can originate from an MP or a Lord. Parliament passes about 100 laws each year and every law goes through several stages and is debated continuously in much detail before being passed. Emergency issues such as the threat of terrorism all contribute to the need for the new laws. Before draft laws, known as bills are introduced to Parliament there is often consultation or discussion with Standing Committees and as these consist of MPs from every party they guarantee that every view point is reflected in discussion. The House of Lords main role when it comes to the function of Law Making is to amend bills or make suggestions of improvements. The Lords also have the power to reject bills that appear unworkable or undesirable (for example the fox hunting bill and identification cards bill). The governments’ majority always ensures that its proposals are passed as they have ‘elective dictatorship’ and can also use Parliamentary Acts to override the House of Lords. Also the House of Lords is also limited to only one year of delaying bills and therefore the government can pass new laws fairly easily after one year. Standing Committees also generally reflect the composition of the House of Commons and therefore the party in government will always have a higher majority. Government often imposes time limits on Standing Committees discussions. In my opinion Parliament performs its various functions- scrutiny, representation and legislation (law making)- well. Although there are many weaknesses to each function it would be extremely hard to remove these weaknesses without making the executive separate like they have in the United States.

Care Connect Commit

Care Commit Connect Introduction Problem Statement In the united States of America, people have access to best oral care. There are standards and protocols imposed on dental business. Yet, millions of people in America do not get basic dental care or they end up getting over treatment. Private equity firms own most of the dental businesses. Dental business is one of the most profitable businesses. Dental business owners are top 1% earners In united States. Management puts a lot of pressure on dentists to produce more.The primary goal for management and dentists has become finding loopholes with insurance and aximizing production. unnecessary and over-treatment have become a common practice. Dental treatment Is expensive. We serve a low income area and most patients cannot afford it. We have been providing dental services over 30 years. We are in the health care business, and we need to ask ourselves, are we doing justice with the profession? Are we responsible if patients do not rece ive proper care? what should we do when the patient cannot afford the treatment?How much should we trust patient's finances? Outcome and Performance Currently, staff and doctors get paid based on office production. Indirectly we are encouraging staff and dentists to base patient care on production. Patient care should be the company number one priority. Patients are not comfortable to visit a dental office. One of the main reasons Is the cost and overtreatment. We are not a non-for-proflt organization. We have to balance between patient care and business. Ideally no patient should leave the practice untreated for any reason.We need to set an example to other business by exercising a morally correct approach and still be 1 OF3 good business name. We need to work on the company philosophy and take it to the ext level and have a global outcome. We sell happiness by enhancing people's smiles. Structure In order to do Justice with the profession everyone needs to understand the need of i t. What exactly are we doing wrong? Where is this leading the society? We should be ready for a change. There will be a lot of changes in the organization.We can implement the proposed solution conveniently step by step. We adhere to the dental code of ethics. We do not do wrong treatments or do over billing. The professional dental code of ethics does not define moral ethics. We need to create a code of ethics ased on the company philosophy. Moral ethics differ from culture to culture. First, we need to incorporate moral virtue. We can achieve this by offering classes and making it mandatory for everyone and we can offer CE credits. Second, we should change the compensation structure for everyone.The compensation should be based on salary rather than commission. The performance evaluation should be based on the number of patients seen and patient satisfaction. Patient charts should be audited every day. We should present an affordable treatment plan to every patient we see. The tre atment plan should not address Just the patient's chief complain, rather it should provide a complete solution. Patient care should not be an option; it should be mandatory. Third, we should advertise the company moral philosophy to attract more patients. We can offer free patient consultation.We should have a sliding fee structure for patients who cannot afford expensive dental treatments. Emphasis should be put on patient education; we can set up camps and school visits and take part in the local community affairs. Finally, we should change company hiring policy. We should make community experience a requirement for any position. Representation of Data The success of the project can be measured through conducting surveys. Every patient should be encouraged to fill out a survey. Currently, we have approximately 10,000 active patients.Every month we should discuss the practice analysis report. We should do a comparison with last year's data. When we offer free patient consultation w e might be losing some revenue, but there should be a significant increase in comprehensive dental procedure revenue. Overall revenue should increase. When we start seeing more patients, company expense will not increase we can compare previous year's expense sheet with current. We should have 360 feedback forms every three months, in which every employee should be able appraise other employees.Every patient referral report should be analyzed periodically. We should be able to see the difference in patient count through word of mouth. Methodology and Findings Theoretical and Empirical Evidence Providing health care is a noble profession. Oral health is an essential part of overall health. Dentists are doctors who help patients maintain their oral health. In the United States of America, the healthcare business is one of the most profitable businesses. Government cuts of benefits for adult patients make it difficult for patients with low income to maintain their oral health.There are remarkably few dentists to provide comprehensive treatment to patients. Every profession comes with responsibilities. Dentists that chose dentistry as a profession should provide complete care for patients and should be held responsible. It comes down to moral virtues of a dentist to provide a complete solution to patients based on their financial ituation which might be compensating fewer. This cannot be taught to a person they have to be caring habitually. It is necessary for a dentist to be morally right in order to care, commit and connect toa patient.We have to take ownership and responsibility to make the society morally correct. We will have a good name for business. We have to become a role model for the society. This solution will help us attract more patients by providing honest, comprehensive and less expensive treatments. We can approach Federally Qualified Health centers, in order to provide omprehensive services irrespective of the patient's ability to pay. Some denta l offices are integrating with Federal Qualified Health Centers, a few dentists set up dental camps with free consultation periodically and try to educate patients.Many solo practitioners have lowered their fees to be able to see patients with low income. Many offices have tried reducing expense in order to able to see patients at low cost. Comparison with Other Methods Some of the other alternate solutions could be integrating with federally qualified health centers which will take a lot of time, allocating budget every year for delivering ree treatment to qualified patients, performing mobile dentistry with proposed companies approach and starting in-house insurance programs.Conclusion and Recommendations Limit and Scope of System We can implement the proposed solution at one location; within one, year we should be able to see the difference in the company's financial report. We have to take ownership and Judge the patient's honesty. Maximizing the location's capacity will increas e revenue and we should be able to cover the cost. References Heath, D. , Rosenbaum, J. (2012, June 26). The business behind dental treatment for America's poorest kids. The Center for Public Integrity.

Sports Injury Rehabilitation Programmes Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter will critically measure surveies done on attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. Bury and Mead ( 1998 ) specify critical assessment as a systemic manner of sing the truthfulness of a piece of research, consequences, and how relevant and applicable they are. This non merely involves the appraisal of the quality of a piece of work but besides consideration of its utility for athleticss physical therapy pattern. The undermentioned comprehensive hunt schemes were used to happen the amateur rugger football participant ‘s experiences and perceptual experiences of adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation plan. This was carried utilizing EBSCO Host to entree the undermentioned databases: National library of wellness ( NLH ) ( Healthcare database ) , Allied and Complimentary Medicine Database AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL were searched to place all published scientific analytical surveies that included adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation programme. Following hunt schemes were used for EBSCO host and adapted as appropriate for the other databases Attachment, Rehabilitation, Qualitative, Sports therapy, Physiotherapy, Measurement of attachment, Determinants of attachment, Psychology, Sports, Athletic hurt, Patients attachment Articles of involvement were discovered in mentions of the published work and retrieved by writer independently, utilizing the undermentioned choice standards for this survey:Choice standardsIncluded surveies to be published research. In English linguistic communication. The survey reported on the athleticss hurt rehabilitation attachment. Target population is grownups ‘ elite or recreational male or female jocks sustained a athleticss hurt and their rehabilitation lasted for period of three or more hebdomads. To review the surveies, the McMaster critical reappraisal signifier ( Law et al, 1998 ) for quantitative surveies was used. This model ( appendix ) is good structured and each of the countries identified in the model can be critically examined, and a series of inquiries have been asked to measure the worth of a peculiar research survey. The format used is designed to help in placing the strength and failings of the paper and by this, the research worker will be able to do sound judgements sing adequateness, rightness, and dependability of the decisions drawn and the pertinence of the recommendations made ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Current research carried out by Petridou et al. , ( 2003 ) suggested that in Europe states the figure of people who need medical attending after athleticss related hurt is more than 10 million. It has been suggested that more than 5 million Euros have been spent on amateur participants. Taylor & A ; Taylor ( 1997 ) stated that the impact of sing athleticss hurts could be significant and include irreversible for recreational participants, slow hurt rehabilitation, inability to work, tardily return to athleticss, and danger of womb-to-tomb disablement and later a low criterion of life. In athleticss medical specialty and rehabilitation scenes, the behaviors that set up conformity are surely different, and are chiefly reliant on the current medical status or type of athleticss hurt ( Kolt et al, 2007 ) . These behaviors constitute regularity in athleticss physical therapy assignments, making all the stretches and exercisings recommended actively, set abouting all place based exercisings and rehabilitation such as exercisings, ice or heat application, and avoiding all possible insecure activities. Conformity is invariably documented as an built-in portion of athleticss hurt rehabilitation. By and large, it has been presumed that, if the athleticss hurt rehabilitation programs are successful and working good, attachment to those hurt rehabilitation programs enhances result. This given, however, is non guaranteed all the clip. Research for the association between athleticss hurt direction consequence and attachment is conflicting. Sports specific hurt rehabilitation programs normally include mobilization, massage, and other manual techniques used in athleticss therapy clinic and a place exercisings and stretching programme. Sports physical therapist should be able to measure attachment to rehabilitation, both in the clinic and place environment. More often, attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan is evaluated in association to participants ‘ regularity in attending at athleticss therapy clinic. This methodological analysis, however, simply suggests that if the participant is on a regular basis coming to the athleticss hurt clinic for hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, this does non give any facts about the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss. If a athleticss physical therapist could judge the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation, during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, he/she could modify the hurt rehabilitation Sessionss accordingly. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) clearly stated the survey ‘s purpose to look into the subjective experience of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) rehabilitation and place variables that influence attachment as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) have used qualitative research methods to look into the conceptual apprehension of participants ‘ conformity to athleticss physical therapy intervention. In footings of qualitative research, sample was an appropriate size. Eleven patients were selected and interviewed at an norm of 4 months. The writers ‘ failed to place the procedure of enrolling participants. Data aggregation was explained and involved qualitative in-depth interviews to research subjective experience of ACL rehabilitation and happen factors impacting conformity as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. To heighten cogency Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) supply interviewees with canned interviews to guarantee that the information has been acAÂ ­curately translated. The sample was diverse in relation to the participants ‘ engagement in athleticss. Six participants were take parting at competitory degree ; four participants were at recreational degree and one participant dropped out. Since, Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) used a diverse sample in relation to participants ‘ engagement in athleticss, it is excessively hard to explicate consequences from it. In order to compare between factors that influence rehabilitation in adAÂ ­herers and non adherers, a graded purposive sampling technique was used to understate the possible prejudice originating from convenience sampling and improves the opportunity of roll uping rich informations relevant to the behavior being studied when compared with random sampling. Because participants were judged by their healers to be adherent to physiotherapy, the sample was stratified based on attachment to home-exercise completion. Home adherAÂ ­ence rates were determined utilizing self-report journals over the first 12 hebdomads of rehabilitation. The survey identified restrictions and strengths. Research workers referred to how they ensured cogency. An independent research with qualitative survey experience reviewed the codifications and agreed that the emerging classs were consistent with the natural information. Triangulation enhanced the credibleness of the findings. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) adopted qualitative methodological analysis and suggested that the qualiAÂ ­tative attack allowed a greater find and analysis of variables than would be possible with a quantitative attack. Findingss of Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) were original, in-depth and enlightening and bespeaking that inductive analysis has shown three critical variables impacting athleticss hurt intervention conformity, including emotional, environmental, and physical issues. The writers concluded that different apprehension of fitness degree on return to rugby, self-inspiration, rehabilitation Sessionss issues or busy at work distinguish compliant and non-compliant behaviors in relation to a place exercising programme. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) examine the association between conformity to rehabilitation and result after rehabilitative surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The rubric is concise and clearly indicates the content. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact and included three relevant key words that helped indexing and cross-referencing. Introduction is relevant and identified that rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction has changed from the traditional conservative attack with greater limitations on activity to a more accelerated attack advancing early mobilisation and return to activity. The debut referred to current research and cited 10 documents and they offered balanced findings. The survey ‘s purpose was clear to analyze the association between conformity to athleticss therapy intervention and result after ACL Reconstruction utilizing both correlativity and arrested development techniques. The writers clearly identified the hypo thesis. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) in this prospective cohort survey evaluated attachment to rehabilitation over the first 8 hebdomads after ACL-reconstructive surgery and correlated the findings with results at nine and twelve months. Three steps of attachment were correlated with nine dependent variables of result. Participants included in the survey were 68 patients ( 42 work forces, 26 adult females ) with a mean of 28.8 AÂ ± 8.3 old ages. Informed consent was sought. There is a failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1998 ) suggested that if there is to be any assurance in the credibleness of findings, research workers must guarantee the topics rights to confidentiality and namelessness. The writers should hold hence explicitly stated how participants ‘ information remained confidential and anon. . Three aspects of attachment were measured: attachment to assignments, attachment during assignments, and attachment to home-exercise prescription. The treating physical therapists, utilizing the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale ( SIRAS ) , rated participant ‘s attachment, during each assignment. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved and defended the trial re-test dependability, interrater dependability, and concept cogency of SIRAS. Attachment to home-based exercising was assessed utilizing a self-report ( diary ) method. Self-reported attachment is besides capable to bias in a socially desirable way. The usage of self-report journals by Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) to supervise home-exercise attachment is besides an of import restriction of this survey. Mullins ( 1996 ) maintained the usage of journals, as a mechanism for measuring attachment to place plan is weak in footings of cogency and dependability. This in reflected by the fact that the remarks made by the patients in their journals did non ever fit their questionnaire responses. There is besides a likeliness of a hapless callback. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) used three outcome steps. The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form was used to measure articulatio genus result in footings of damage. To analyze the consequences of ACL-reconstructive surgery, research workers used three questionnaires. The 6m timed hop trial was used to analyze functional result. The writers clearly stated the dependability and cogency of the 6-m timed hop trial but did non province the dependability and cogency of The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form and questionnaires. Consequences indicated that there was a important relationship between home-exercise attachment and many results for participants less than 30 old ages of age. For participants aged 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise attachment and result. There were no important relationships between attachment to and during physical therapy assignments and result after ACL-reconstructive surgery. One of the of import restrictions of Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) survey was the method of informations geographic expedition. In order to place confusing variables, unstructured seeking through the information was considered as a hapless analysis technique. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) concluded that participants under 30 old ages of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional result, whereas disciple participants aged 30 and over experient worse result with better place based exercising conformity. Urdy ( 1997 ) examined copying and societal support with amongst 20 five injured jocks between the age of 16 and 40 old ages, during their rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Participants completed a scope of appraisals, included Coping with Health and Injury Scale to mensurate get bying schemes, profile of Mood State to measure temper perturbation, Social Support Inventory to mensurate societal support, figure of visits to rehabilitation Sessionss to mensurate attachment. Participants completed theses ratings one time pre-surgery and so at 3, 6, 9 and 12 hebdomads station surgery. Results pointed out that during the whole survey period, instrumental get bying scheme was the most used header scheme by the participants. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that during the three hebdomads clip period different type of get bying schemes have been used by the participants. As the emphasis decreased, get bying schemes besides decreased. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that instrumental header was significantly related to conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation at nine hebdomads post surgery. Furthermore, alleviative header, varied the most throughout three months of survey continuance even though, it was the least used scheme in general. In Urdy ‘s ( 1997 ) analyze little sample size decreased the assurance with which the findings could be generalized to other samples. Small sample size restricts the reading of consequences, which resulted in a decrease of statistical power. Urdy ( 1997 ) used attending as a exclusive index to adherence. These attending indices provided no information that relate to athlete ‘s behavior during rehabilitation session. Niven ( 2007 ) in his current survey, investigated the athleticss physical therapists ‘ perceptual experiences of rehabilitation attachment and concluded that jocks at highest degree are extremely consistent in their rehabilitation programmes. The chief purpose of Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) survey was, on the footing of athletics physical therapists ‘ expert cognition to increase apprehension of attachment issues in pattern and place factors that influence attachment and schemes that can be used to heighten attachment. Niven ( 2007 ) interviewed six adult females and three work forces with a average age of 35.1 over the period of 12 months. Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) consequences advocated that participants at the highest degree of the game, who are professional, are normally more bucked up to return to their highest degree of lucifer fittingness. Niven ( 2007 ) reported participants ‘ pessimistic features such as unequal ego belief, dejecting mental reaction to athleticss hurt, low assurance, deficiency of aid and aid from community, to be the of import facets of incompatibility and non conformity. Some practicians believed that non-compliance or over attachment are of import concerns to cover with in pattern. The conformity was considered as a important factor for successful rehabilitation from hurt. Niven ( 2007 ) identified several single properties such as motive, assurance, and ability to get by with hurting that facilitated conformity. Consequences indicated that negative emotions experienced by jocks resulted in hapless conformity. Environmental factors such as good support from squad couples, household and friends and athleticss healer were deemed to better conformity. In contrast, being busy at work and place and hapless entree to athleticss therapy resulted in hapless conformity. Niven ( 2007 ) pointed out that the degree of trust in athleticss physical therapist and recommended rehabilitation plan was found to be an of import factor on conformity. Based on findings, Niven ( 2007 ) besides identified figure of schemes to better conformity in pattern. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) examined the relationship between the three aspects of subjective meaning-personal inducements, sense of ego, and perceived behavioural options-and attachment behaviours in the athletic hurt rehabilitation puting. The rubric is short, crisp, and clearly implies a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . It is enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The intent of survey was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss physiotherapy clinical pattern. It is non clear whether Joan L. Duda, Alison E. Smart, and Marlene K. Tappe are athleticss physical therapists or non. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) give detailed background about the psychological factors associating to athletic Iinjury, psychological and situational forecasters of athletic hurt rehabilitation attachment or conformity. The writers summarized the old dependability surveies more specific to the attachment in the rehabilitation of athletic hurt. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency issues. The writers reported the sum-ups of the chief findings from the literature on forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation and found consequences varied. The writers argued that there was no extended research on this subject and due to limited work on athletic hurt rehabilitation, It was questionable, nevertheless, to generalise the major findings from surveies on exercising attachment and medical intervention conformity to the athletic hurt rehabilitation scene. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) has written an up-to-date literature reappraisal. The writers reported balanced rating of the surveies in the past both back uping and disputing the forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research. The survey purpose was clear to place the societal psychological variables that best predict attachment behaviours in hurt rehabilitation among intercollegiate jocks. The participants in Dua et Al ( 1989 ) survey were varied well in footings of their hurt features. This could assist to guarantee a representative sample of the injured athletic population. The writers select homogeneous samples in survey, which is the strength of the survey. Forty male and female intercollegiate jocks were recruited via an introductory missive sent to athletic preparation staff members at six major universities. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) indicated that intercollegiate jocks participated in a assortment of athleticss but all had sustained a athletics related hurt ( strain or sprain ) of at least second-degree badness. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Robson ( 2000 ) stated that the principal of choice of topics in purposive sampling is the research worker ‘s opinion as to typicality or involvement. Robson ( 2000 ) further stated that research workers in purposive sampling choose samples which satisfy their specific demands in a undertaking. Domholdt ( 2000 ) believes that purposive sampling is used when research workers have a specific ground for choosing peculiar topics for survey. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent. Assurance that they can retreat from research at any clip must be provided ( Drummond, 1996 ) . All these demands were addressed within survey and this is the strength. The participants were given an overview of the purposes and intent of the research and all topics signed a consent signifier. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) did non give any information about ethical blessing, and the topographic points from where they recruited the topics to vouch the confidentionali ty and namelessness of the topics. Since, Dua et Al ( 1989 ) have included jocks with a broad scope of musculoskeletal conditions ; hence a homogeneous sample will heighten internal cogency. The writers in the process, spelled out each stage of the research in concrete, operational footings, place every measure in informations aggregation and gave adequate information for another research worker to retroflex the survey. Attachment, measured by attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, completion of prescribed exercising, and exercising strength as perceived by the oversing athletic trainer, was significantly related to strong societal support, high degrees of self-motivation, and a belief in the effectivity of intervention. Consideration was given to confidentiality, the right statistical trials were used, and assurance interval was calculated. In consequences statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies to ease readability and apprehension. There is a sufficient item for the reader to look into the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) found that among all the three constituents, personal athletics inducements were less of import forecasters of attachment behaviours than the sense-of-self and perceived options variables. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) besides found that jocks who focused on undertaking command were more adherent to intervention, while jocks who tended to be more ego-involved in their athletics were less adherent to their plans. Phillips ( 1986 ) defines the decision as the statement that indicates the research worker ‘s concluding place in relation to the concluding inquiry posed. In survey decisions is stated clearly, compactly, and substantiated by the groundss presented ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) concluded that over all conformity was well related to athletic perceptual experience sing the efficaciousness of rehabilitation and support from household and friends for hurt rehabilitation. The writers farther pointed out those participants who placed less emphasis on undertaking inducements were less expected to compliant to their hurt rehabilitation. Examination to menaces to internal cogency reveals no indicant of trouble associated with history or ripening with these topics over a brief clip span. In survey non chance purposive sample was recruited. An inclusion and exclusion standard was non mentioned. The writers did non advert the participants ‘ age. In survey usage of non chance purposive trying limits its generalisation to the sample itself and necessitates caution in generalising beyond the sample. Trainers who conducted rehabilitation Sessionss were required to rate each topic ‘s strength on a five-point graduated table. The writers did non describe any dependability or cogency findings for either of these attachment steps. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) examined the relationship between four physiological factors including self-motivation, societal support, athletic individuality, and temper perturbation, and intervention conformity as a map of age. The rubric is concise, enlightening and clearly indicates the content. The subject is of import and relevant to physiotherapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate. The debut was relevant placing many personal and situational factors, which linked to the attachment to rehabilitation. The debut referred to the currents research and cited five documents. The writers clearly stated the survey purpose to research whether possible nexus among psychological factors and intervention conformity differ as a map of age. A literature reappraisal pointed to a clear spread with in bing research and helped to compose a outline of statement to back up the principle for the survey. The research attack was documented consisting of a questionnaire fcompleted by participants about 10 yearss before anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) surgery. Besides after ACL surgery at each assignment participants documented their conformity to a place exercising programme, and the healer recorded the attending of participants and completed the SIRAS. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) clearly stated the methodological analysis, combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the questionnaires used such as Self-Motivation Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale. The survey contained some of the information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Sixty-one participants were recruited including 21 females and 40 male. The research workers indicated that 57 % of the participants were competitory jocks and 41 % were recreational jocks. This survey has included a cross-section of the participants ( male and female ) with subgroups incorporating jocks of changing degree of athletic engagement. Although curtailing the sample of participants to persons undergoing rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction provided a more controlled geographic expedition of the moderating effects of age by cut downing cross-participant variableness in hurt badness and the demands of the rehabilitation regimen, such homogeneousness decreased the generalisability of the consequences. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent and topics were required to subscribe a consent signifier. The research workers did non advert that confidence was given that they could retreat from the research at any clip. The institutional reappraisal board approved the Study. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) failed to advert that how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. In the consequences subdivision statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies shown to ease readability and apprehension. Although age did non function as a moderator in relationship between the four psychological factors and attachment to clinic-based rehabilitation, it did function as a moderator in the relationship between the three of the four psychological factors assessed and place based rehabilitation attachment. Self-motivation and societal support were positively associated with attachment to place based exercisings in the older participants, but non in the younger 1s. Athletic individuality was positively associated with attachment to the place exercising protocol in the younger participants, but non in older participants. Although, the prospective longitudinal research design in which psychological factors and attachment was measured, used in this probe was found to be appropriate but Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) suggested that causal relationships between psychological factors and rehabilitation attachment can non be inferred. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) acknowledged the self-report method used to measure attachment to place rehabilitation activities, as a restriction and suggested that more nonsubjective steps of place rehabilitation attachment is needed to confirm this survey findings. Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) explored the personal and situational factors related to athleticss hurt rehabilitation among 41 college jocks, including 21 male and 20 female. Participants had been injured in athleticss and had begun a athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme for at least six hebdomads. Title is clear, enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engages people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss therapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. Introduction was relevant placing the factors which affected conformity to the rehabilitation plan. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved but the research workers did non supply any information sing the features of the sample and trying scheme. There were serious defects within the methodological analysis of this survey that question the dependability and cogency of the findings. Fisher et Al. ( 1988 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. In add-on, there is failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. The sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample needs to be, has been noted. Each jock was classified as compliant or non-compliant by the healer, based on his or her attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, and a comparing made between expected and existent advancement. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) developed a more extended questionnaire that has been used in a figure of surveies to enable self-assessment of attachment during the rehabilitation period. The Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) consists of 40 inquiries refering to six spheres expected to act upon attachment. Each inquiry requires the participant to circle a response on a four-point graduated table. The rubric of the Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) questionnaire, the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , might be misdirecting with respect to the information sought. It appeared that, instead than mensurating the rate of attachment to rehabilitation, the questionnaire really requires a self-assessment of factors that might act upon their rehabilitation attachment. This was demonstrated by the illustration inquiry for the hurting sphere ; while a patient may strongly hold that their rehabilitation programme was physically painful, their perceptual experience of the hurting they experienced was non a step of their attachment degree during rehabilitation. The right statistical trials were used, and assurance intervals were calculated. Findingss were clearly presented. There were sufficient inside informations for the readers to look into that the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Multivariate Analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) revealed that the consistent and compliant jocks had high degrees of hurting tolerance, energetic, vivacious and lively and received communal support, as compared to inconsistent and no-compliant. Furthermore, disciple jocks ascertained themselves to exert more during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss and concern less about a program of intervention Sessionss and environmental fortunes. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) pointed out that the questionnaire satisfied the demands for face cogency as the points were derived from analysis of the content of attachment literature. However, Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing. Furthermore, a low magnitude of correlativity was observed between the RAQ and three alternate steps of attachment ( attending, the healer completed tonss on the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale, and patient self-reporting of place rehabilitation attachment ) . Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) did non advert any restriction, strengths, and deductions of this survey. The research workers besides did non mention to how they ensured cogency in this survey. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) evaluated personality properties of non-compliant jocks after the rehabilitation programme had begun. This might bring forth confusing consequences as many variables may be influenced by the rehabilitation procedure. In the research worker ‘s, position, if personal and situational factors could hold been measured prior to the athleticss hurt intervention, and studied in relation to conformity during rehabilitation, it would be more appropriate. Research workers used a homogeneous sample including male, female jocks with shoulder, articulatio genus and mortise joint hurts, which adds strength of this survey. As Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold established the dependability and cogency of the questionnaire before or used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Two consecutive surveies carried out by Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation attachment questionnaire and tried to retroflex the research work of Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) . In surveies Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) the rubrics clearly imply a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . They are enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Age, sex, socioeconomic position, rational and educational degree, medical cognition, credence or denial of unwellness, clip from oncoming of unwellness, memory of patients, self motive and exercising end puting have been reported to ease attachment. The rubrics are enlightening. The articles include an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. The intent of Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) surveies was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) gave detailed background about the rehabilitation issues after athleticss hurt and Field et Al ( 1995 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the steps to measure attachment to rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research on the subject of variables impacting the conformity in athleticss hurt rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ‘s ( 1994 ) survey purpose was to find the relationship between the rehabilitation attachment of jocks and their self-reported appraisal of six variables that might act upon rehabilitation attachment: hurting, support from others, effort, programming, motive, and environment. Field et al ( 1995 ) survey purpose was to place factors that contribute to adherent or non-adherent behavior during athleticss hur t rehabilitation plans. The survey contained really small information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. In survey A and B the size of the sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample demand to be, has been noted. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. Field et al ( 1995 ) pointed out that all participants filled up informed consent signifiers but did non advert about ethical blessing. In add-on, both Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) failed to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used right statistical trial and assurance intervals were calculated. Research workers performed independent t trial and chance degree was set at.05 for each trial. Findingss were clearly presented in tabular arraies. Wood and Haber ( 2001 ) stated that relational design examines and quantifies the strengths of the co-relationship between the two or more variables. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used co- relational design. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) did non pull strings any variables so there are no dependent and independent variables ( Hicks, 2004 ) . Hicks ( 2004 ) argued that in co relational design we can non place which variables are cause and which consequence. Therefore, many research workers prefer the certainty of experimental design, but the experimenter could non pull strings any variables, so co relational design is more acceptable ethically. Both, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , which was developed by Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) . Field et al ( 1995 ) besides used a new instrument, the Athletic Trainer ‘s Perception of Athlete ‘s attempt graduated table ( ATPAES ) for athletic trainers ‘ to sort the injured jock as a compliant and non-compliant. Field et al ( 1995 ) argued that the ATPAES system fulfilled the standard for logical cogency, as the ATPAES system had been favorably assessed by the athleticss healer. No mention was made to more extended cogency rating ( such as comparing ATPAES tonss with other attachment steps ) or test-retest dependability appraisal of the questionnaire. Attendance was besides evaluated in the survey by Fields et Al. ( 1995 ) and participants were believed to hold been compliant into their intervention if they attended at least 75 % of intervention Sessionss and scored 12 or greater on the ATPAES questionnaire. However, this emerged to be a random cut-off for separating compliant from non-compliant jocks, with no justification of how it was obtained. The deficiency of strict dependability and cogency testing of the ATPAES questionnaire in the Field et al ( 1995 ) survey, limits its value as an attachment step for experimental surveies. Since, It has been mentioned antecedently that the RAQ in Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) surveies and ATPAES in Field et al ( 1995 ) survey had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, hence in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) developed a brief step of conformity based on attending and engagement. This mark was used to measure conformity of 40 four jocks who had suffered athleticss hurts and were taking portion in a athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan. The compendious nature of this mark seems to do it allow for assessors who have restricted clip to give to measuring attachment. Patients were assessed on a two-point marking system by the athleticss healer who observed their athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. One point was allocated for go toing the rehabilitation session. Zero point was awarded for non-compliance. A 2nd point was awarded for finishing 100 % of the prescribed exercisings. If a patient failed to finish all exercisings, three quarters of a point ( 0.75 ) was awarded for finishing 75 % of the exercisings, 0.5 for finishing 50 % of the prescribed exercises, or 0.25 for finishing 25 % of the exercisings. The writers made no mention to reliability proving or proof of t heir questionnaire. Furthermore, the writers recommended that patients who scored between 1.75 and 2.0 were adherent, while those who scored less than 1.75 were non-adherent. These standards appeared to be randomly assigned, with no account or justification of how they were chosen. In Field et al ( 1995 ) survey consequences of the t trial indicated that important differences were seen for self-motivation, scheduling concerns, and hurting tolerance. The discriminant map analysis ( DFA ) pointed out that scheduling concerns contributed most to the overall group differences. Findingss are clearly presented in tabular arraies. Although, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) both have used varied participants in footings of their athletic environment and hurt features, due to little size sample cautiousness must be taken in generalizing these consequences to other populations. Field et al ( 1995 ) in his survey indicated that this survey is merely for one specific environment hence attention should be taken to generalize these findings to other environments.RationaleThe research worker has chosen rugger participants as participants because rugger is a contact athletics. The doctrine of rugger dictates that the game is physical in nature, which means that th e hazard of hurt during lucifers is high ( Brook et al, 2005 ) . The bulk of hurts of rugby consequence from contact stages of drama ( Best, McIntosh, and Savage, 2005 ) . The literature in the field of athleticss therapy and rehabilitation does non sufficiently address amateur rugger football participants ‘ experiences and perceptual experiences of conformity to a athleticss therapy intervention program. Therefore, one can merely theorize the significance and impact of conformity to the athletics hurt rehabilitation among recreational rugger football participant. Since we know small about what is meaningful to thes participants, a rich description from recreational participants, who have had an of import hurt helped to explicate the relevant facets of their experience. The consequences from the present survey would supply cognition that add to the literature by make fulling a spread that exist on a peculiar population, recreational rugger football participants, that has non been represented in the athleticss hurt research to day of the month. Additionally, cognition and information from the present survey should break informed athleticss healer, physical therapists, managers and important others around participants, that may be involved in conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan so that amateur rugby football participants receive the best of attention. In add-on since the chief purpose of this research addresses the barriers to athleticss hurt rehabilitation, the consequences will be of peculiar involvement to athleticss healers, athleticss physical therapists, who work with recreational rugger participants.

Personal, Professional and Career Development Assignment

Personal, Professional and Career Development - Assignment Example nced or reworked for the better and through my curiosity, I often strive to reach at the best possible solutions or approaches to issues or challenges in the course of my personal and professional development. Most importantly, my drive to explore the new and unfamiliar territories often leads to more creativity since I often discover new opportunities that can be exploited for better results or enhanced outcomes. Nonetheless, I am highly uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity both in my personal and professional life and I often prefer to have the specific information regarding everything such as the right answers to all questions, the exact time schedules for particular events, and so on. This natural desire for certainty comes in handy in my line of work as a project manager, particularly in the project implementation stages since it contributes to timely completion of projects and proper planning beforehand for specific roles to be performed by key individuals. I am reasonably confident in my own capacity to originate and work with ideas and even if I may not be so creative, I never shy away from experimenting with ideas; whenever I am faced with a challenge or opportunity to solve a problem, I like to experiment with creative solutions to the issues at hand because creativity can yield solutions to real life problems (Fobes 1996, p.19). I am more likely to take up the roles or tasks that present me with the chance to exploit and prove my creative genius and I consider all challenges as stepping stones to discovering new approaches to success, particularly in work environments that are highly demanding in terms of high pressure to perform (Ahmadi 2014, p.19). I am more inclined to sharing ideas since I strongly believe it does help in stimulating more ideas in other people as well as new dimensions of novelty in coming up with new ideas; furthermore, the collaborative thinking effort in group settings highly contributes to the collective p roblem-solving

Understanding malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding malaria - Essay Example In the year 2011, malaria has been the reason for 660,000 deaths worldwide, which laid the requirement of making further researches in relation to this particular field National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, â€Å"Understanding Malaria†). 1. Malaria can be defined as a disease or infection, which gets transmitted amid the individuals by an infested ‘female Anopheles mosquito’ through a bite or in certain cases through transfusion of blood. The disease gets spread through a cycle wherein a mosquito bites an infected person with malaria and sucks up human blood. Consequently, this particular disease gets sucked up by a mosquito along with the blood through which this parasite gets developed and multiplied within a mosquito. Subsequently, this parasite gets matured inside a mosquito within a period of 10-14 days after which it becomes ready to get passed among other individuals. Once an infected mosquito bites an individual who is completely fit and h ealthy, the parasites enters into blood that gets spread within a human liver wherein it multiplies and returns into the blood steam. This parasite gets multiplied 10 times within two days that completely results in destroying red blood cells (RBCs) along with contaminating new cells within the human body. There are four types of parasites involving ‘Plasmodium falciparum’, ‘Plasmodium vivax’, ‘ovale’ and ‘malariae’ that impose adverse effects on human life.

Difference between Real and Artifial in the Age of Digital Technology Essay

Difference between Real and Artifial in the Age of Digital Technology - Essay Example Digital technologies refer to accessing any information, anywhere, anytime through a digital device. It also allows interacting by sharing comments, feedbacks, live chats etc. furthermore, the digital media is very close to the forms of art and science. The technology, equipment and gears used are the scientific postmodern advancements that have been made and which greatly allow the digital media to take over. However, art also has a close link with the digital media which has influenced the media world (Angela, p251). Although arts is something which is created, innovated and formed by the imaginations of an artist, the meaning can be taken in another way which is the transformation and artificiality of the real picture. The digital media is not only influencing the scientific world, but it is also changing the role of an artist. An artist is meant to use his imaginations to produce creativity, but today the digital world has lead an artist to work on the transformations of reality to artificiality. Digital technologies have enabled powerful forms of artistic creation, simulation and special effects but there are already questions that artists have begun to ask. One of the question is that is the use of digital media a threat to the original innovation and imagination of an artist. A piece of art tends to show the imaginations of an artist conceiving the 3D world around us, however when it comes to digital technologies, science believes that there is more than just the 3D world. Thus, they call it ‘technoetics’. They use this word because they believe in recognizing the technology with the wide imaginations of an artist. They believe that the consciousness can be well represented through the digital technologies as the visualization is immense. The best example which can be seen around is the use of digitalization in images. It involves the use of new artistic creations, simulations and special effects that are done by the use of graphics in digit al technology. There is an original art in the visualization of reality into a painting, sculpture, drawing or photograph. A photograph captures reality and every photograph shows a new piece of art to the people. However, the use of digital media on such a photograph can change the view of the picture from being realistic to fiction (Monahan, p15). An image, despite being taken originally has to go through digitalization in this modern era. This includes alterations made on these images; transformations, editing and renovations. A graphic designer would hold the job to modify a real picture through the many tools available. The detailing and working on a picture would lead it to have special effects that would make it evident that the picture has been simulated. This way a picture loses its natural look and the originality that shows the vision of the artist. The original handmade work of an artist is the real form of artistic creation. Though digital graphics is also a type of art s which is greatly used in the modern era in place of handmade art works, it includes the use of graphic plates and digital pens. It is a form of art which allows an artist to express his views on a digital medium rather than a paper or canvas. This is the artificial form of artistic creation, not because of the difference in ideology, but because of the mediums of technology used in both these types. A practical example

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing Essay

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing - Essay Example The paper tells that Human Resource person is responsible to take care of the issues in order to offer major satisfaction to the workers. But at the same time small business establishments frequently don’t have the employees or the budget to appropriately handle the nitty-gritty elements of HR. Because of this, small business companies have increasingly outsourcing their HR requirements. But at the same time, HR, when relating to health care business, can be defined as the different types of medical and non-medical employees accountable for public and person health intervention. Here, Homecare Housing Association handles 20 units extend over south east England. This includes three ex-local authority old persons’ homes, 10 ex-local authority committee housing estates, and seven new purpose built particular requirements housing growths, mainly sheltered housing for the disabled. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’ of the company it’s my duty to help the company to deal with the various issues faced by the company. One of the main issues faced by the company is that women handle only the certain positions, roles and particular department. So that it will affect the overall functioning of the Company. Over the last 12 years, the organization has developed from a small voluntary group running organization to two new housing developments employing approximately 600 people. Out of these, 60% of them are female and 40% are male. Majority of the workforce are women. So the women must ready to handle the duty of every department and ready to take care of all the activities. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’, it my special duty to manage all these activities. The affiliation among health care and human resources is extremely complex, and it needs further examination and study. While examining health care schemes in a worldwide context, many universal human resources questions and issues occur. A number of the issues of greatest significance will be examined in detail further which consists of the composition, size and allocation of the health care employees, issues relating to workforce training, the immigration of health workforce, and the level of economic growth in a particular state and socio-demographic, environmental and cultural issues. The difference of size, allocation and composition inside state’s health care employees is of large concern. As I mentioned earlier, a Strategic business partner has certain duties and responsibilities to do. When studying in detail, I have talked and discussed with some employees and managers in the organization, when I have understood some issues being happened in Homecare Housing association. Some employees are not satisfied with current situations and some customers of this company are not satisfied with the service offered by the company. So it is my duty to study in detail about these problems and to solve these problems. For that, I would be discussing about the demands and problems of the work force in the company. In every organization the value for employee satisfaction should be high. Employees working in every organization should be treated in a descent manner; if the workforce is satisfied then only organizations can achieve their goals. So as a strategic business

Stakeholders of Lloyds TSB Bank Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stakeholders of Lloyds TSB Bank - Research Paper Example This paper tells that in our present business climate, individuals need a bank account to generate MORE sales and net income. Businesses prefer to receive postdated checks and related deposit instruments as the replacement for cash. A 1,500 check is safer and easier to carry around than to bring its bulky and "highly tempting" cash equivalent. The returned checks act as payment and deposit evidence of business transactions.  There are many banking services that make deposits in banks preferable to stuffing cash in a person's safety in the home or offices. People, thru the banking system, can now buy and sell products thru the internet. When they are face to face with each other. The bank's many services do not only include safekeeping of the bank deposits, but the bank also helps the economy by paying interest to the depositors. The bank then lends money to its loan applicants and, in return, receives interest income. The bank borrower can now use the much-needed funds to put up a business and hire employees. This cycle of money deposit, money borrowing, business opening, hiring helps the local economy.  People, around fifty years ago prefer to carry cash around because the banking system had just been established. But because of the advent of internet banking, business transactions are now changing the entire economy of the world. Credit and debit cards as well as Paypal, and Western Union monetary transactions are now the minimum requirements for a buy and sell transaction to be accomplished. Due to financial difficulty, carrying cash is now very dangerous. People, during the past, prefer to receive "cold" cash as compared to checks because of the fear that such checks may actually have no funds deposited in the bank at the time of bank presentation for payment occurs.  But still, most of the ordinary people who do not own business and those with small salaries and wages do not apply for checking accounts. The credit card generates high and compounded i nterests that the credit card holder has to be burdened with.  Inter-branch transactions use the credit giro system where noncash documents pass thru a clearing bank. A piece of bank slip or document allows one branch to transfer funds from one bank to another or to and from a person's personal bank accounts.  In the United States, food stamps are given to the unemployed. In the United Kingdom, the giro helps the unemployed person to pay for his basic needs.  If wages fell, then the people will have lesser money to deposit in Lloyds bank. The after effect is that there be will lesser money to spend on basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter.  Therefore the bank will have to advertise so that more of the residents near a Lloyds bank branch will love to deposit their hard earned money in a bank. The people will cope with the sudden wage decrease by reducing the amount they will spend on unnecessary items. The people will react with the sudden decrease in salaries by applying for a second job to alleviate the loss in income.  

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp Essay

Analyse the corporate governance statement of NewsCorp - Essay Example With the help of the board which ought not have less than three members, it is expected that the director of the company hold office for only a year (NewsCorp 1). The director also needs to be elected through a majority vote and must enjoy their independence. Under the guideline of the corporate governance, NewsCorp indicates that board meetings are mandatory and reviews of the previous meetings must be done at all times (1). Executive sessions of the non-executive members of the board must also be held without the interference of the board members. Through the board meetings and headship, NewsCorp indicates that it becomes easy for the company to run its affairs (1). The board leader also feels free to manage the affairs of the company as an independent person; thus, effectual consultations and communication with the concerned stakeholders. It is also recommended that the members be keen whilst selecting their leader as leadership determines the kind of performance from the company. Additionally, the board is charged with the responsibility of coming up with various committees to assist the running of the company’s affairs. The committees include the Audit, the Nominating and Corporate Governance; and the Compensation Committees (NewsCorp 1). The committees involve independent directors who operate under Exchange Act and NASDAQ listing standards (NewsCorp 1). It is important to note that these committees have been given the mandate of retaining, deciding and terminating the fees by the consultants and other legal advisors based on their discretion. For instance the compensation & succession committee reviews on compensation issues of the CEO based on their performance as well as his/her compensation. This is done by assessing the potential of the existing members in the company, and who would be the best suitor in the company’s next management (NewsCorp 1). In terms of ethical standards of the company, the corporate governance does not hesitate t o specify its requirements from its members. NewsCorp indicates that the Board of Directors of the Company are keen to ensure that its members act in utmost integrity and respect to all employees in the company regardless of their affiliation (1). With the adoption of the Standards of Business Conduct, the board ensures that all the employees comply with the code of conduct. The company can therefore be argued to comply with the utmost standards of ethics. However, compliance with the ethics would not be achievable if the company did not have a chain of communication. The board then ensures that all the members have access to the ethics code and that they understand its contents well. For instance in relation to conflicts in the company, the members are aware of the procedures to follow, the same case applies in terms of property information and interaction with other persons such as government officials (NewsCorp 1). Employees are also conversant with what needs to be done in the e vent of harassment and safety of the workplace (NewsCorp 1). The CEO and financial officers are also not exempted from the code of conduct. Through its board, the Company felt the need for protecting its whistleblowers. However, stockholder communication has also been provided for, since it allows for effective communication with all the stakeholders of the company (NewsCorp 1). This

Labour Process Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Labour Process Theory - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Labour Process Theory (LBT) is a concept that proposes the practices undertaken by the management to control the workforce within the organizational environment and ensure utmost productivity. It is believed that from the past few decades, LPT has been a core subject of the Critical Management Studies (CMS) that was formed by Harry Braverman in the year 1970 using the ideas developed by Karl Marx. Since its introduction in the stream of modern management ideologies, LPT has delivered huge contribution in analyzing the work performed within the organization, as per the desired level of productivity and hence, creating a work organization. LPT was created following the ideologies of Marx that suggest the fundamental aspect for comprehending the work organization is based upon the structure of the community within which the organization is functioning instead of human psychology. LPT primarily emphasizes on how individuals work in an orga nization, what/who controls the work done by these individuals, what are the skills used by these individuals when carrying out their work and in what ways are those individuals remunerated for the work they have done. LBT has been successful in creating a linkage with the management strategy of an organization through its involvement and set of assumptions. LPT provides an understanding regarding how the management of an organization limits the power of the working class who have the skills to carry out the given task. LPT is a conceptual approach that has been in use, as per the capitalist method of production that provides a deep insight into worker-management relations in the workplace. Considering its applicability, it is also perceived that LPT causes serious insights in today’s world of work, management control issues and political aspects in the workplace. In relation to the capitalists approach used in LPT, managerial control in the workplace has been a highly debate d topic.

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay Example for Free

Feminist Perspective in Sociology Essay â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † — Margaret Mead I. Prologue At present, it is quite difficult to imagine how there was a time when women were not afforded the same rights and opportunities as men. Some of these rights and opportunities include the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote. At present, it is quite revolting to think how women were tagged and branded to remain at home and pursue the best interests of her family members, but not hers. It is quite difficult to imagine, but the truth of the matter is that there was such a time that all these unimaginable things and revolting things were happening, when women were to take the backseat to the men and when they were not regarded as equals. The goal of the first wave feminism was to correct all these notions and to try to achieve a position for the women when they do not take the backseat to the men, but stay beside the men as their equals. Slowly, this was achieved. Hence, women were then are given the right and opportunity to pursue a college diploma and a career, and the right to vote, among all others. All of these things are remarkable achievements and should in and by themselves, be commended. However, it cannot be denied once again, that the struggle of women does not end with the first wave feminism, after all its not apt to call it the first wave if there is no second wave. The second wave devolved around the problems that the achievements of the first wave put to fore. The sum of all these goals is ultimately for society treat woman not just as an object but as a subject — who has her own thoughts and who can speak through her own mind and with her own voice (Delmar, 2005, p. 32). The ultimate goal was to liberate woman from her reification. Thus, MacKinnon remarked: I say, give women equal power in social life. Let what we say matter, then we will discourse on questions of morality. Take your foot off our necks, then we will hear in what tongue women speak. So long as sex equality is limited by â€Å"sex difference† whether you like it or don’t like it, whether you value it or seek to negate it, whether you stake it out as a grounds for feminism or occupy it as the terrain of misogyny, women will be born, degraded and die. We would still settle for that equal protection of the laws under which one would be born, live and die, in a country where protection is not a dirty word and equality is not a special privilege (1987, p. 45). The issues and problems created by the first wave as manifested in the second wave led Bell Hooks to assert that [a]ll women are oppressed, and being oppressed means the absence of choices. The goal of this Paper then is to try to explain in a simplified but not in a simplistic manner what Bell Hooks meant when she cited the above-mentioned assertion through an exposition of some the writings during the second wave feminism. The Paper shall be divided into four parts. The first part is the Prologue, where these paragraphs fall under, which shall discuss in general the background and the goal of the Paper. The second part shall discuss in general what Bell Hooks asserted through the reference materials. The third part shall discuss in specific detail how all women are oppressed, once again through the reading materials. The fourth part is the epilogue, which shall present the conclusion and personal thoughts of the writer of this Paper. II. The New Face of Oppression Oppression presupposes two parties, one is the oppressor and the other is the object of the oppression, or oppressee, so to speak. During the first wave it is quite apparent that the oppressor is the patriarchal and machismo characteristic of society, or men in short, and the object of the oppression are women. In the second wave, one wonders how Hooks made this assertion given the fact that the men and women dichotomy and oppression were no longer as manifest. The answer is simple, while the first wave may have achieved equal rights and opportunities for women and men, there is still oppression. It is only that the faces of the oppressor and the oppressee have changed. With the second wave, other women became the oppressors. According to most critics, this was an inevitable consequence of setting equality with males as the primary goal of feminism (Jhappan, 1996, p. 25). Jhappan expounds: [i]n reality, the positions of power and privileges enjoyed by white men have only been made possible by racism and sexism, they require hierarchy, skewed power relations, inequality and the subjugation of the majority (white women and people of colour). It seems to me that white women’s â€Å"equality† with white men would only be possible of the race hierarchy were kept substantially intact since the privileges that white men enjoy depend upon a racially satisfied social system (p. 25). Simply, this means that with the goal of equality with men, women aimed for an equally oppressing position, where they are now the oppressors. While men were no longer tagged as the oppressors of all women, within the circle of women rose other oppressors in the face of fellow women who are of a different color. This is what Angela P. Harrris discusses in her article, in relation to what Catharine MacKinnon discusses in hers. Generally, the idea of the latter is that there is a universal concept of a woman so to speak. This universal concept of a woman is what was oppressed by society through male domination and supremacy before. For MacKinnon, there is just one experience, culture, heritage, needs for all women, thus, their needs are all alike. As most feminists then were white women, most of what was pushed for were for the needs of the white women. This is also known as the notion of a monolithic women experience (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Through this gender essentialism and worse, racial essentialism was likewise furthered (Harris, 2002, p. 384). Thus according to Harris, they reduce the lives of people who experience multiple forms of oppression to additional problems: â€Å"racism + sexism = straight black woman’s experience† or â€Å"racism + sexism + homophobia = black lesbian experience. † Thus, in an essentialist world, black women’s experience is always forcibly fragmented before being subjected to analysis, as those who are â€Å"only interested in race† and those who are â€Å"only interested in gender† take their separate slices of our lives (p. 384). An example for Harris is what MacKinnon does when she reduces Black women to just worse forms of white women, and not as a separate and diverse woman apart from the white woman, but not an aggravation. MacKinnon imparts: [b]lack is not merely a color of skin pigmentation, but a heritage, an experience, a cultural and personal identity, the meaning of which becomes specifically†¦ and glorious and/or ordinary under specific social conditions. It is as much socially created as, and at least in the American context no less specifically meaningful or defective than any linguistic, tribal, or religious ethnicity, all of whom are conventionally recognized by capitalization. While women on paper, were liberated from their reification, what happened really was that white women were liberated from reification. White women were no longer considered as objects —they became subjects. Black women, though they were women but because they were black, were not similarly liberated. This is because [w]hite feminists have exposed male essentialism only to replace it with another essentialism based on the notion of an essential woman. However, as it turns out, this generic â€Å"woman† is not only white, but middle class, and also able-bodied†¦Over the last couple of decades people of color have highlighted the silences of racists Eurocentric history and discourses which render all â€Å"others† invisible (Jhappan, 1996, p. 22). By virtue of the monolithic experience of women, women who did not fit the mold of the monolithic experience were oppressed in the sense that they were left with no choice. The choice was already made for them by the systems that were built in place respecting such monolithic experience. They were left with no choices as their needs were not addressed. The needs that were addressed were the needs of those who fit the monolithic experience of women. III. The Specific Instances of Oppression The specific instances of oppression that are discussed in the reference materials are enumerated below. a. Oppression in Relation to the Family Through the idea of the family wage, women were oppressed with the fact that they were made dependent on the wage of their husbands. They were made dependent with the notion that â€Å"a working man should earn enough to support his family† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237), and consequently, the place of the woman or the wife is at home (Gavigan, 1996, p. 237). As the husband already earns enough to support the family, there is no more need for the woman to earn and augment the budget for the family. Thus, she is tasked by society to stay at home and address the needs of her family members. Such admittedly, does not require professional and personal growth. Thus, while the members of the family pursue different goals in their lives, the woman is stuck at home looking after the family members, sending them off to reach their dreams, while she stays in her place. In addition, if and when a woman earns, she is given minimum wage. The notion of minimum wage was put in place to accommodate individuals who were single and who did not have dependents to support (Gavigan, 1996, p. 238). In this wise, women were oppressed with the fact that when they earn, what they earn is not even enough to provide for their dependents, if any. b. Oppression under the Law Under the law, heterosexual relationships are afforded more advantages and privileges, in terms of â€Å"tax benefits, standing to recover damages for certain torts committed against spouses, and rights to succession and insurance benefits† (Gavigan, 1996, p. 263). The same are not afforded to homosexual relationships; thus women are oppressed. Oppression of women under the law is manifested explicitly in Welfare Law. When women seek assistance under the welfare law, especially the solo parents, they have a hard time obtaining the assistance that the law provides because of the very stiff and stringent definition of â€Å"spouse† under the laws such as the Family Law Act, RSO 1990 and Canada Pension Plan Act : â€Å"spouse† means either of a man and a woman who (a) are married to each other or (b) have together entered into, a marriage that is voidable or void, in good faith on the part of the person asserting a right under the Act x x x â€Å"spouses† means a spouse as defined in subsection 1 (1), and in addition includes either of a man and woman who are not married to each other and have cohabited (a) continuously or (b) in relationship of some permanence, if they are natural or adoptive parents if a child x x x â€Å"spouses: in relation to a contributor means’ (i) if there is no person described in subparagraph (ii), a person who is married to the contributor at the relevant time or (ii) a person of the opposite sex who is cohabiting with the contributor in a conjugal relationship at the relevant time, having so cohabited with the contributor for a continuous period of at least one year (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266) When solo parents seek social welfare assistance, there were always resort to the courts in order to determine whether or not a particular relationship was sufficiently conjugal to warrant the characteristic as spousal and consequently to warrant the benefits provided by the social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 266). Also, the definition of the term â€Å"spouse† was too technical such that even in heterosexual relationships, there were always doubt as to whether a relationship is sufficiently conjugal to warrant the benefits granted by social services (Gavigan, 1996, p. 267). An example of the ill-effect of this law is the requirement that the spouse who should support the spouse (wife) and the children, must not live in a certain proximity; otherwise the latter cannot receive the benefits under the Welfare Law (Gavigan, 1996, p. 269). c. Oppression by Virtue of Race or Color This form was already discussed in part two. However, in addition Jhappan tells us that for colored women, race rather gender has been the primary source of oppression. †¦while white feminists have theorized the male breadwinner dependent-female, post-Industrial Revolution family form of the West as a source of women’s oppression, different family forms persist in other culture even among those living in the diasporas, For many women of colour, in fact, state actions such as iimmigration and labour policies that have separated and distorted families have oppressed them more than gender relations (p. 23). d. Oppression of Oneself by Oneself Women also admit that in and by themselves, they are oppressed. As there are women who are of different cultures, there are certain aspects of their identity that is rejected by another aspect, but which they ultimately have to deal with. For instance a woman who has both black and Caucasian heritage, the black heritage forsakes slavery while the Caucasian heritage promoted the same. There may be instances in the life of such person when decisions have to be made favoring one aspect over the other, and in such instance, the woman is the oppressor of her own self as she is left with no choice but to decide in such manner, although contrary to an aspect of her identity. IV. Epilogue Delmar has pointed out that the problem of oppression within the circle of feminism is rooted on the fact that the very definition of feminism is monolithic and abstracted. The very definition of feminism forgets or averts from the reality that there exists a multiple consciousness of women. With the realization that a multiple consciousness of women exists, then there may be the realization that there are various facets of oppression. Consequently, solutions may be afforded to these various facets in order to abolish, if not minimize the same. This is why at the beginning of this Paper a quote from Margaret Mead was stated. â€Å"If we are to achieve a richer culture, rich in contrasting values, we must recognize the whole gamut of human potentialities, and so weave a less arbitrary social fabric, one in which each diverse gift will find a fitting place. † With the realization that women are rich in culture, in contrasting values, then we can realize that there is a whole gamut of potentialities. With such variety, a less arbitrary social fabric may be established, and through such less arbitrary social fabric, each and every individual may find his or her own place without necessarily fitting into a monolithic mold. References Delmar, Rosalind. (2005). What is Feminism? Feminist Theory: A reader, 27-36. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gavigan, Shelley. (1996). Familial Ideology the Limits of Difference. Women and Canadian Public Policy, 225-78. Toronto: Harcourt Brace. Harris, Angela. (2002). Race and Essentialism in Legal Theory. Women, Law and Social Change, 4th ed. , 383-92. Concord, ON: Captus Press. Jhappan, Raddha. (1996). Post-Modern Race and Gender Essentialism or a Post-Mortem of Scholarship. Studies in Political Economy 51:15-58. MacKinnon, Catharine. (1987). Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, 32-45, 240-45. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

The Importance of Measuring Enterprise Impact Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Measuring Enterprise Impact Essay One of the key assets of an enterprise is information. Huge amounts of raw data are produced during every operational transaction in the company. Processing raw data into valuable information allows an enterprise to take more accurate decisions into action. Information technologies give support in big business systems like (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning, utilized in recognizing, extracting and analyzing business data, such as, sales revenue by product and/or department. Measuring data is difficult, and companies have to have complex systems for tracking ERP. Outsourcing Data With changing times, systems need to have data energy uses calculated into the core processes to retain more accurate data. Measuring impact is the recognized way in which you show the value your organization is delivering to its recipients and the general public as a whole. Often, companies feel the need to cut internal energy use; therefore, they outsource data processing duties. Businesses must be cautious when outsourcing data. This outsourcing can cause serious issues if the outsourced work is inaccurate or worse, manipulated to cause intentional damage to the company. It is difficult to have patience with outsourced companies that produce inaccurate work, as that is the main objective: they were hired to do the job proficiently and accurately. Having internal processes in place for data formulas can cut down significantly on misuse and incorrect data entry, as well as cut back on security breaches. Making sure that the data is properly reduced and not just passed on to another person. Data accuracy is essential, we must heed caution when reviewing others data, how do we know the information is accurate and correct. Unfortunately, there are unethical practices within data processing, and there are companies who are more into financial gain rather than upholding moral responsibilities. Conclusion In today’s competing business environment, companies should consider the competitive advantages of business information tools that provide more advanced analysis options for organizational data. Furthermore, organizations need to overcome the technical and organizational challenges of implementing more advanced information technologies in order to achieve  efficient utilization of it.

Defining And Understanding Resilience

Defining And Understanding Resilience Drawing on material from the module, critically discuss the extent to which theories relating to resilience inform our understanding of an aspect or aspects of contemporary social work. Resilience is described by Fonagy, et al ( 1994) as an ability to achieve a normal standard of development, within a challenging situation. Within contemporary social work practice therefore, support should be provided to enable children and young people to develop and be resilient when faced with adversity and trauma in their life. Rutter (2000) argues that a childs ability to be resilient when faced with hardship, is comparative as opposed to being conclusive. A child or young persons level of resilience is not a predetermined personal quality, individuals are therefore not either weak or strong. The ability to be resilient to trauma subsequently changes in relation to the situation the child is in and the protective factors which may, or may not be, in place. I will explore this further in respect of the psychosocial theories concerning resilience and vulnerability and the defensive aspects which might underpin this. I will also discuss how an increased understanding of these can be constructively applied within modern social work and the need for development of resilience in social workers, practising within a bureaucratic environment. From a psychoanalytical perspective, Freud (1923, cited in Glassman, 1995) proposes that psychological states are determined in the very early stages of life, arguing that a persons level of resilience or vulnerability may be set in place prior to the Oedipal stage. Therefore, by the end of the childhood development period, reactions such as apprehension and fear, alongside other emotive forces and mechanisms of defence have already been imprinted into a specific individual model (Thomas, 1996). A child experiencing the divorce of his parents for example, may develop polarised split views of each parent for example having positive feelings towards the mother and negative towards the father, as a method of coping with the situation (Rutter, 2000). When a situation as an adult occurs which is causing similar emotive reactions such as anxiety, an individual may fall back on this prefigured defence mechanism of splitting their views very distinctly, without perhaps analysing all of the i nformation fully. Masten Powell (2003) argue that primary structures recognised as qualities of human functioning are adaptive and have significant importance in building resilience throughout a diverse range of traumatic and frightening circumstances, for example the forming of attachment relationships which provide a sense of security. Bowlbys (1969) theory of attachment argues that the establishment of a definite connection to a primary care giver, is a significant and valuable initial relationship. Object relations theory which explores the relationship between mother and child proposes that for a child to feel positive about themselves, a warm, stable relationship is required. Bowlby (1988) proposes that a secure attachment will support a child to make confident enquiries of the world around them, developed from having a strong feeling of integration within an encouraging social structure. Attachment can be divided into secure and insecure attachments, and contains both empirical and hypothetical implications. Throughout practice therefore, a model of insecure attachment for example, can be applied in observing a childs behaviour and their possible inability to form relationships. An insecurely attached individual may have a combination of juxtaposed views such as reliance and closeness, alongside an anxiety of possible criticism and dismissal ( Holmes, 1993) . In practice therefore, an understanding of an individuals lack of connection with other people and difficulties in coping with an adverse situation can begin to be understood further within the attachment theory framework. Henderson et al ( 2007) propose that in respect of young people, the transition from childhood through to adolescence and into adulthood, is greatly strengthened by being part of a group and experiencing a sense of connectedness, as opposed to loneliness. A strong sense of ones own abilities and potential can be bolstered by being part of a social network, and also support a childs perception of school as being a constructive and positive part of life (Glover, 2009). The theory of attachment can be applied in practice not just from a psychoanalytical approach, through analysis of learned behaviour and unconscious processes, but also from a behavioural perspective which may argue that an inadequate attachment to a primary caregiver, explains the difficulty experienced in forming friendships during school years for example. Practitioners should remain mindful, however, that there are children who with a great deal of family encouragement and wider social support, still struggle to have the ability to endure the adversity and stresses which may occur in their lives (Rutter,1999). Therefore, whilst psychological theories such as Bowlbys attachment theory can aid understanding of behaviour each individual is effected by the structural factors impacting on their lives. Skeggs ( 2001) argues a sociological view, postulating that class has a significant impact on access to education for example, due to economic resources and as such restricts an individuals opportunity to develop and move forward with their lives, in a way they might wish to. Giddens (1991), in contrast, argues that people have a great deal of agency and control over their lives and therefore have the ability to make changes within their experienced structure of society. Giddens (1991) argues that we live in a post traditional society in which young people do not fall back on traditional roles which were executed by previous generations. Whilst this level of agency enables greater autonomy it may also add to the vulnerability felt by young adults, some of which may struggle more than others due to factors such as racism, stigma and disability (Banks, 2006). It could be argued therefore, that young people are attempting to move forward in life with very little sense of direction. In a postmodern society the propensity for insecurity of children is almost built into their lifestyle. Eriksons ( 1965) theory of development supports this view, arguing that cultural and social circumstances, rather than inner drives, should be evaluated. This will enable an understanding of a individuals behaviour to be gained and issues which are having a damaging effect, to be addressed. The field of child psychology which is concerned with life events, analyses the context in which the child is experiencing the significant incident. The resilience needed to cope with a life event such as divorce is ongoing. As argued by Rutter (2000) there may be particular turmoil surrounding the life event, but there is a potential for the effects of this trauma to continue throughout all other aspects of life. For example having to move home and therefore change schools, form new friendship groups and cope with the feelings of loss if a parent is no longer maintaining regular contact with the child. Therefore, whilst the divorce if the significant life event the long term loss and vulnerability felt by the child is much broader than this. A child who is experiencing a difficult home situation because of the breakdown of a parental relationship, can shield themselves from some of the mental and emotional anguish of their home life through the formation of a close relationship with an adult who is external to the immediate family unit. Howe (1995) postulates that extended family members such as aunts or uncles who positively acknowledge and nurture their abilities and unique characteristics will encourage and enable the child to form a confident and positive perception of the self, away from their traumatic situation. Achieving a feeling of ownership and confidence in ones own abilities can support the development of coping mechanisms. Fonagy, et al (1994) concur with this, arguing that in regards to building a level of resilience, the development of a strong, close relationship with a supportive adult provides an effective protective factor. In respect of contemporary social work, it is the practitioners role to support a child or young person who does not have a stable network of social support (Charles Wilton, 2004), through enabling access to recreation and social activities as necessary. However whilst this may provide support to form a social network and become part of a friendship group within a structured environment, the provision of encouragement does not have to be as definite or predetermined. The introduction of reliable, regular routines into a childs life may assist greatly in the formation of a sense of identity and well being, as recognised by Sandler et al (1989). For example, recurring daily practices in home life in respect of stories at bedtime for young children or eating meals together at a regular time. All of which help to form a feeling of stability and organisation, encouraging a sense of belonging, attachment and security. If a practitioner can apply this theory when working with a family expe riencing trauma it may serve to provide a sensation of familiarity in a life which may, in all other ways, be in turmoil. Within adult care social work also, exploration of early childhood relationships, presence of attachment and occurrence of significant life events, can be carried out, in order to fully understand how an individual has come to a particular point in their life. For example, Bowlbys (1969) study of adults in prison involved therapeutically working back through their lives, to a point in which their childhood attachments could be identified. An understanding of the construct in which the adult is existing, will enable a practitioner to gain deeper understanding, provide appropriate support and to ensure anti-oppressive practice occurs, supporting empowerment of the service user (Dominelli, 2002). Henderson, et al ( 2007) execute a biographical method in their research carried out with young people regarding their perception of well being, enabling a holistic analysis of their lives to be obtained. The benefits of this study are that the researchers tried to comprehend what the young people really understood as being imperative to their well being, through the discussion of life events which had occurred throughout the research process. Whilst the methods used by Henderson et al ( 2007) could be applied positively within social work practice in order to gain understanding of an individuals specific circumstances, practitioners should be mindful of not overlooking the complexities of situations by using the information disclosed in respect of significant life events as a straight forward method of explanation of why a young persons life has transpired the way it has. Kenny Kenny (2000) identify the possibility for patriarchal and authoritarian practice, in the application of psychosocial theories. The notion of resilience itself is subjective and therefore practitioners should be aware of their own opinion of what constitutes sinking or swimming and ensure that this personal view does not influence their judgement of a situation or an individuals capabilities ( Walker Beckett, 2003). The level of power, therefore held by social workers is vast and should be applied carefully and with an awareness of and respect for, diversity of family structures and relationships within the assessment process (Dominelli, 2002). The qualitative methods executed by Henderson et al ( 2007) in respect of gaining a biography of each participant over time, support the view of Giddens ( 1991) who argues that the self is a reflexive project. Giddens (1991) view of late modernity argues that adulthood is constructed and therefore the most significant method of establishing identity as adults, is the development of self narratives. This view is also proposed by Frosh (1991) who argues that through the development and reflexive nature of narrative construction, an individual will form the skills to endure adversities which he argues can persist throughout life. The construction of a personal narrative and the effects of life events on this, is therefore an ongoing process throughout child and adulthood. This is reflected in the research of Fonagy et al (1994) who identify that mothers presenting as resilient, provided an accurate model of the characteristics of their relationship held with their own mother. This capac ity to possess a consistent paradigm of their personal maternal attachments, which may be positive or negative, created a higher likelihood of establishing strong, secure attachments with their own children. Giddens (1991) postulates that fateful moments occur in individuals lives which shape the way their lives continue. This may be empowering or destructive dependant on the event, the timing of the event and how capable and resilient the individual is to deal with it. For example if a child experiences illness and as a consequence is unable to attend school the effects of this event can be ongoing. Being unable to sit exams, missing lessons etc, impact on their ability to integrate into friendship groups when they return to school which may result in being bullied and a change in their perception of school. The ongoing effects of this could be truancy and a lack of engagement in studying, in order to obtain qualifications and progress into further education ( Henderson, et al, 2007). In practice, gaining an understanding of an individuals narrative may present details of critical moments in their life enabling a deeper understanding of their experiences and resilience to dealing with d ifficulties . To conclude, it is clear that resilience does not represent a distinct personal attribute or quality. Children and young people may demonstrate resilience in regards to particular anxieties and traumas but feel unable to cope with others ( Rutter, 1999). Within social work practice, therefore, it is essential to evaluate how a child is placed within their family unit and also within wider society. As discussed by Gilligan (2004), the presence of other siblings, how the child functions within the family model and their relationship and interactions with family members, are significant, contextual and influential elements of a childs life and their capacity to be resilient. The impact of external environmental factors such as positive relationships with other adults, being part of a friendship group and feeling happy at school all act as protective factors in mitigating the negative elements of their life and promoting their resilience ( Werner Smith, 1992). Within the practice of contemporary social work therefore, attention should also be paid to the level of resilience held by practitioners, working with individuals in traumatic situations whilst existing within their own personal construct of relationships, family and past life events. It is imperative that practitioners are self aware in respect of their own ability to cope with the situations in which they are practising. This is an element which can at times be overlooked in regards to people working in supportive roles, who are often perceived as being highly resilient to the effects of trauma ( Coulshed Orme, 2006). In modern social work there is great emphasis placed on value and proficiency both in respect of time and finances and efficiency of practice (Rogers, 2001). The significance of emotion and resilience can frequently be underestimated within the bureaucratic schema in which social workers practice. Psychosocial theories of resilience therefore, can be applied not just in working with service users but in attempting to maintain resilience of practitioners. Word Count 2472